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英语核心语法知识框架学习笔记

2022-10-27 18:06:080举报
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英语核心语法知识框架学习笔记
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英语核心语法知识框架学习笔记
作者其他创作
大纲/内容
国家、地名、人 命、团体机构
专有名词
个体名词(一类 人或物的个体) compouter
集体名词 (一群人或一 类物的集合体) people
可数名词
抽象名词 (品质、状态、 行为、情感等) friendship
物质名词 (无法分为个体的物质) water 
不可数名词
普通名词
名词
一般情况下 词尾+ -s map → maps,sea→seas
变-f 和-fe 为 v 再加-es leaf→leaves,thief→thieves,knife→knives, wife→wives,life→lives,self→selves
直接 + -s belief→beliefs,chief→chiefs,proof→proofs, safe→safes
以-f 或-fe 结尾的名词
以辅音字母加 y 结尾的名词 变 y 为 i + -es city→cities,party→parties,duty→duties, university→universities
以元音字母加 y 结尾的名词,或着专有 名词以 y 结尾的 直接 + -s boy→boys,day→days,Henry→Henrys(表示亨 利一家)
+ -es hero→heroes,echo→echoes,tomato→ tomatoes,potato→potat
外来词或缩写 + -s piano→pianos(意大利语),photo→photos (photograph 的缩写)
两者皆可 halo→halos/haloes,zero→zeros/zeroes, volcano→volcanos/volcanoes
以辅音字母加-o 结尾的名词
以元音字母加-o 结尾的名词 直接 + -s radio→radios,zoo→zoos
以-th 结尾的名词 直接 + -s truth→truths,mouth→mouths,month→ months,path→paths
规则名词的复数变化
变化名词中间的元音 man→men,woman→women,foot→feet,mouse→mice,teeth →tooth
单复数同形 aircraft,fruit,sheep,deer,series,means,works,fish,
只有复数形式 ashes,trousers,clothes,thanks,goods,glasses,compasses
词尾+ -en 变为复数形式 child→children,ox→oxen
一些用作复数的集体名词 people,police,cattle,staff ,audience,youth...
复数形式表示特殊含义 customs(习俗× 海关√),forces(力量× 军队√),time(时间× 时 代√),waters(水× 水域√)...
单复数同形式 Swiss,Chinese,Japanese
以-man/woman 结尾→ -men/women Englishman→Englishmen
表示“某国人”
词尾+-s/es,如 afternoon→afternoons,general→generals, forget-me-not →forget-me-nots(勿忘我)
主要成分变为复数,如 bride-to-be→brides-to-be(新娘)
复合名词的第一个词为 man/woman 的,所有名词都变复数形式,如 man teacher→men teachers,woman singer→women singers
复合名词
专有名词 专有名词一般没有复数形式,但表示人名的专有名词可以有复数形式, 如 the Smiths 史密斯一家,Mikes 叫“迈克”的人们
抽象名词 一般为不可数名词,如 experience,表示为经验的意思时,是不可数名 词,而表示经历的意思时,是可数名词,复数形式为 experiences
不规则名词复数形式
主格/ 宾格 当名词在句子中做主语、宾语和表语时,通常使用通格(主格和宾格的统称)当名词与其他名 词形成所有、主谓等关系时用属格
词尾 + -'s /-s/-es
复数名词词尾+’/不规则复 数名词词尾+'s the teachers' room,the twins' mother the children's palace
以 s 结尾的人名加& apos;s/& apos; the Jacksons' house Charles's job
表示某人家、店铺名、属格 后的名词常省略 the doctor's the baker's
复合名词作用为一个名词整 体吗,在最后一个词尾+ -'s someone else& apos;s opinion
表示共有的所有关系时 Japan and America's problems
表示各自所有的关系时 Japan's and America's problems
名词表示有生 命的东西时 词尾 + -'s /-s/-es
名词表示无生 命的东西时 of +名词  the cover of a book,the color of her dress
of 属格,除了用于无生命的东西以外,还用于名词/所有格的修饰语较多时,如 the very long and pretty dress of that girl,the house of Lucy’s mother-in-law's ,名词化的词,如 the living conditions of the poor ;代词宾格之前,如 three of us
属格
名词的属格(所有格)
A driver is a person who drives vehicles.(概括)
The atom has a nucleus. (指量)
Give me a book.(泛指)
起类属、概括、个指、泛指、 指量、引导等作用
不定冠词
I want the book. (特指)
Have you got the letter I sent you? (个指)
The tiger is fiercer than the wolf. (概括)
The burnt child dreads the fire. (类属)
I didn't know it at the (=that) time. (指示)
特指、个指、概括、类属、指 示
定冠词
Failure is the mother of success. (泛指)
Water is colorless. (概括)
概括、类属、泛指
零冠词
冠词
基数词 (表数目)
序数词 (表顺序)
数词
限定词(determiner)
I & nbsp;me & nbsp; my  mine  myself
we & nbsp;us & nbsp;our & nbsp;ours & nbsp;ourselves
第一人称
you & nbsp;you & nbsp;your & nbsp;yours & nbsp;yourself/ yourselves
第二人称
he & nbsp;him & nbsp;his & nbsp;his & nbsp;himself
she & nbsp;her & nbsp;her & nbsp;hers & nbsp;herself
it  it & nbsp;its & nbsp; \\ & nbsp; itself
they  them  their  theirs  themselves
第三人称
人称代词、物主代词、反身代词
some,somebody,someone,something,any,anybody,anyone,anything, no,nothing,nobody,none,no one,one
普通
every,everybody,everyone,everything,each,other,another,either,neither, both,all
个体
many,much,few,a few,a little,little,a lot of,lots of,a number of
数量
不定代词
each other,one another
相互代词
近指 this,these;远指 that,those;其他指示代词:such,same,so
指示代词
who,whom,whose,what,which,whatever,whichever,whoever,whomever
疑问代词
who,whom,whose,which,that,as
关系代词
who,whoever,whom,whomever,what,whatever,which,whichever
缩合关系代词
不定代词、相互代词、指示代词、疑问代词、关系代词、缩合关系代词
one 可以泛指任何人,也可以特指,复述为 ones One should learn to think of others.
some 多用于肯定句 I want some water
any 多用于疑问句和否定句 Do you know of any other job?
each 强调个别,代表的数量可以是两个或以上 Each of us has a ticket.
every 强调整体,所指的数量必须是三个或三个以上 Every one of us has a ticket.
none 作主语或宾语,代替不可数名词,谓语用单数; 代替可数名词时,谓语用单复数皆可 None of the students are(is) afraid of difficulties.
no no=not any,作定语 There is no water in the bottle.
other 泛指“另外的,别的” He held a book in one hand and a notebook in the other.
another 指“又一个,另一个”无所指 There is another hotel down the street.
all 表示不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数 all+否定词 表示部分否定 All is quiet at night. Not all of the books are written in English.
both both 表示两者都,一般用于肯定句 both+否定词表示部分否定 Both of us are teachers. Not both of us are teachers.
neither 表示全部否定 Neither of us are teachers.
either 表示两者中其中一个 Either answer is right.
不定代词的用法 TIPS
代词(pronoun)
修饰 some,any,every,no,以及 和 body、thing、 one 等构成的复合不定代词时 nobody absent, everything possible
以-able,-ible 结尾的形容词可以放在最高级或 only 修饰的名词后面 the best book available, the only solution possible
和空间、时间、单位连用时 a bridge 50 meters long
成对的形容词可以后置 a huge room simple and beautiful
形容词短语一般后置 a man difficult to get on with
说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词,有比较级的变化;叙述形容词只能作表语,没有比较级的变 化,如 asleep,afraid,awake,alone
形容词位置
adj+n+ed kind-hearted
n+adj world-famous
adj+adj dark-blue
n+现在分词 peace-loving
adj+现在分词 ordinary-looking
n+过去分词 snow-covered
adv+现在分词 hard-working
数词+n+ed three-legged
adv+过去分词 newly-built
数词+n twenty-year
复合形容词的构成
冠词前的形容词
冠词指示代 词不定代词 所有格
代词
序数词
基数词
性质状态
大小长短形状
新旧温度
颜色
国籍产地
子主题
材料质地
性状形容词
多个形容词修饰同一个名词的先后顺序
形容词(adjective)
时间副词 soon,now,early,finally,once, recently
频度副词 always,often,frequently,seldom, never
地点副词 here,nearby,outside,upward, above
疑问副词 how,where,when,why
方式副词 hard,well,fast,slowly,excitedly
联加语 副词 besides,however,whereas,therefore, moreover,nevertheless,thus, otherwise,meanwhile
程度副词 almost,nearly,very,fairly,quite, rather
外加语 副词 表示说话人的观点或评价,如 unfortunately
副词(adverb)
great-greater-greatest;<br>narrow-narrower-narrowest;& lt;br>clever-cleverer-cleverest;<br>fast-faster-fastest<br>
单音节adj及少数以-er,-ow结尾的adj和adv+-er, -est 构成比较级和最高级
large-larger-largest;& lt;br>able-abler-ablest;<br>simple-simpler-simplest<br>
以-e 结尾的单音节形 adj 和 adv 以及少数以-ble, -ple 结尾的双音节 adj 和 adv,+-r,-st 构成比较级 和最高级
hot-hotter-hottest
元音字母发短元音并以辅音字母结尾的单音节形容 词,双写辅音字母+-er,-est
easy-easier-easiest;<br>early-earlier-earliest;& lt;br>happy-happier-happiest<br>
以辅音+-y 结尾的 adj 和少数不是由 adj+ly 构成的 adv 要将 y 改为 i +-er,-est
beautiful-more beautiful-most beautiful;& lt;br>carefully-more carefully-most carefully<br>
双音节或多音节 adj 和 adv 通常在原级前 +more/most 构成比较级/最高级
tired-more tired- most tired;<br> pleased-more pleased-most pleased<br>
少数单音节 adj 也通过在原级前+more/most 构成 比较级和最高级
cruel-crueler/more cruel-cruelest/most cruel& lt;br>often-oftener/more often-oftenest/ most often& lt;br>strict-stricter/more strict-strictest/most strict& lt;br>friendly-friendlier/more friendly - friendliest/most friendly<br>
特殊 adj 比较级和最高级有两种构成
good/well-better-best;<br>bad/ill-worse-worst;<br> many/much-more-most;<br>little-less-least;<br> far-father/further-farthest/furthest;& lt;br>old-elder/older-eldest/oldest<br>
特殊 adj 和 adv 不规则变化
形容词(adj.)和副词(adv.)的比较级变化
简单介词 about,above,across,after,against,among,around,at,
合成介词 into,onto,out of,throughout,upon,within,without
短语介词 according to,along with,apart from,as for,as to,because of,by means of,in front of,in spite of,instead of,in accordance with,on account of,on behalf of,owing to, due to,together with,up to,with regard to,next to,prior to ...
分词介词 concerning,including,regarding,respecting
二重介词 from under,from behind,from inside, until after,expect in
介词(preposition)
at 表示片刻的时间,eg:at 9:00 am
in 表示一段时间,eg:in the morning;
on 一般与日子相关,eg:on Monday
表示时间的 in,on,at
since 指从过去到现在的一段时间,和完成时连用,
from 指从时间 的某一点开始
表示时间的 since,from 
in 指在一段时间之后
after 表示某一具体时间点之后或用在过去时 的一段时间中
表示时间的 in,after
in 表示在某范围内
on 指与什么毗邻
to 指在某环境范围之外
表示地理位置的 in,on,to
on 表示某物的表面上,如 apple on the tree ;
in 表示占去某物的一部分,如 bird in the tree
表示”在……上“ on,in
through 表示从内部通过过,与 in 相对
across 表示在表面上通过, 与 on 有关
表示”穿过“ through,across 
about 表示涉及到,on 指专门陈述
表示 关于 about,on
between 表示在两者之间
among 用于三者或三者以上的中间
between& amp; among
besides 指除了……还再加上
except 指除了,减去什么
besides& amp; except
with 表示具体的工具,
in 表示材料、方式、方法、度量、单位、语 言、声音
表示用 的 in with
as 意为作为/以……的地位或身份,
like 为像……一样,指情形相似
as& amp; like
in 通常表示位置
into 表示动向,不表示目的地或位置
in& amp; into
常用介词区别
do/does
表示经常发生的 习惯性动作或目 前所处的状态
一般 
am/is/are doing
表示现在正在进行的 动作
进行
have/has done
表示动作发生在 过去,但与现在有 关系,说明过去这 个动作对现在的 结果或影响
完成
have/has been doing
表示过去某一时刻开 始的动作或状态一直 延续到现在的某一时 刻,侧重动作的连续性
完成进行
现在时
did
表示过去的动作 或状态
一般
was/were doing
表示过去某一时刻或 某一段时间正在进行 的动作
had done
表示过去某一时 刻或某一动作之 前完成的动作或 所处的状态
had been doing
表示过去某一时刻之 前开始的动作或状态 一直延续到过去的另一个时刻
完成进行时
过去时
shall/will do<br>
表示将来的动作 或状态
shall/will be doing<br>
将来某一段时间正在 进行的动作
shall/will have done
将来某一时刻或 某一时刻之前完 成的动作或所处 的状态
have done shall/will have been doing
表示在将来某一时刻 之前开始的一个动作 或状态一直延续到将 来的另一个时刻
将来时
should/would do
表示从过去的某 一时刻看将来要 发生的动作或呈 现的状态
should/would be doing
表示就过去某一时间 而言,将来某一时刻或 某一段时间正在进行 的动作
should/would have done
表示从过去的某 个时间看过去来 说的将来某以时 刻某动作已完成
should/would have been doing
表示动作从过去某一 时间开始一直延续到 对于过去来说的将来 某一时刻,动作是否继 续下去,由上下文决定
过去将来时
一般现在时 He goes to work at 8 o'clock every morning.
一般过去时 Ben went to the library last Sunday.
一般将来时 I will do my best to catch up with them.
现在进行时 She is reading a book.
过去进行时 He was writing last night.
将来进行时 This time next day we will be sitting in the cinema.
现在完成时 I have been here for 2 hours.
过去完成时 We had just had our breakfast when Dan came in.
将来完成时 By the time tomorrow you will have arrived in Shanghai.
现在完成进行时 I have been looking for you everywhere.
过去完成进行时 At last they got the telegram they had been expecting.
例句
动词时态(tense)
一般现在时 am/is/are + written
一般过去时 was/were + written
一般将来时 will/shall + written
现在进行时 am/is/are being + written
过去进行时 was/were being + written
现在完成时 have/has been written
过去完成时 had been written
过去将来时 should/would be written
将来完成时 will/would have been written
含由情态动词 can/must/may be written
It is said that...
It is asserted that...
 It is believe that...
It is generally considered that...
It is well known that...
It was told that...
It is supposed that...
It is reported that...
It is hoped that...
It must be admitted that...等
常用的经典被动句型:
动词被动语态(passive voice) 
I was to blame for the mistake.& lt;br>The book sells well.& lt;br>The car rides smoothly.<br>
carry,cut,drive,iron,keep, let,lock,open,pick,read, sell,shut,tear,wash,wear, write...
不及物动词表示被动意义
The toast smells good.& lt;br>This shirt feels soft.& lt;br>These oranges taste nice.<br>
smell,feel,taste,sound...
一些感觉类动词主动表被动
The magazine is binding/printing.& lt;br>He paid all that was owing.& lt;br>The meat is cooking.<br>
bind,cook,do,owe,print...
少数动词-ing 进行时表被动
Mr.Li got promoted at last.& lt;br>They got delayed because of the holiday traffic.& lt;br>The bottoms on my coat came undone.& lt;br>The woman's complaints went unnoticed.<br>
get,come,go 后面接过去分词,表示被动意义;<br>get 多用于口语和非正式的书面语,强调动作的结果而非动作本身,并常用来表示突发性的/出乎意料的偶然事件。<br>
The garden needs watering. → The garden needs to be watered.<br> Tips:bear/stand/be worth +doing 习惯用动名词形式表示被动,如 It's well worth making the effort to learn how to do it. ( be worthy to be done)<br>
在 need,want,require, deserve... doing 句型中,动名 词相当于动词不定式的被动式
The question is easy to answer.<br> That book is difficult to understand.<br>
Nobody was to blame (to be blamed) for this accident.& lt;br>The house is to let (to be let).<br> There are a lot of books to read (to be read).& lt;br>Those cars are to rent (to be rented).<br>
有些动词不定式不论是主动还 是被动形式,都于主语形成被 动关系
主动形式表示被动意义
情态动词(modal verb)
非谓语动词(non-finite verb)
动词不定式(infinitive)
动名词(gerund)
分词(participle)
词法
Do you know the man who is talking with your mother?
先行词:人  从句成分:主语
who
Mr.Smith is the person with whom I am working.
先行词:人  从句成分:宾语
whom
I like those books whose topics are about music.
The boy whose father works abroad is my desk-mate.
先行词:人、物  从句成分:定语
whose
A plane is a machine that can fly.
She is the pop star that I want to see very much.
先行词: 人、物  从句成分:主语/宾语
that
The book(which)I give you was worth $10.
The picture which was about the accident was terrible.
先行词: 物  从句成分:主语/宾语
which
He is such a person as is respected by all of us. 
This is the same pen as I lost last night.
先行词:人、物  从句成分:主语/宾语
as
I will never forget the day when we met.
先行词:时间  从句成分:时间状语
when
This is the house where I was born.
先行词:地点  从句成分:地点状语
where
I can't imagine the reason why he turned down.
先行词:原因  从句成分:原因状语
why
关系副词
定语从句(attributive clause)
He told me everything that he knows.
All the books that you offered has been given out.
This is the best film that I have ever read.
先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时
We talked about the person and things that we remembered.
先行词既指人又指物时
He is the only man that I want to see.
Who is the man that is making a speech?
句子已经有 who 或 which 时,为了避免重复时
只用 that 的情况
在非限制性定语从句中,只能用 which 来代物,用 who/whom 代人
I like the person to whom the teacher is talking.
在由介词+关系代词引导的定语从句中,只能用 which 指物,whom 指人
Those who respect others are usually respected by others.
The accident happened at the time when I left.
限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句中
非限制性定语从句中
as 和 which 的区别
限制性和非限制性定语从句的主要区别
Whether he will come or not doesn't matter much.& lt;br>Whoever comes here will be welcomed.<br>
在复合句中做主语,相当 于名词,一般置谓语之前, 也可用 it 作形式主语,主 语从句放主句后面
主语从句
It looks as if it is going to snow
在复合句中作表语,相当 于名词,位于系动词之后
表语从句
He asked me which team could win the game.
在复合句中做宾语,相当 于名词 
宾语从句
You have no idea how worried we are.& lt;br>The fact that he lied again greatly surprised me.<br>
同位语从句
名词性从句(noun clause)
Strike while the iron is hot. (趁热打铁)
时间状语
地点状语
because 语气最强,since 最弱,表示大家都明了的原 因,as 次于 since?
原因状语
从句中动词时态不可用将 来时,常用一般时代替
条件状语
You'd better speak aloud so that we can hear you.
so that 和 in order that 后常接 may,should, could,would 等情态动词
目的状语
She is such a lovely girl that everyone likes her.
结果状语
It is colder here in Beijing than in Shanghai.
比较状语
They are talking as if they had been friends for year.
as if 和 as though 引导 从句一般用虚拟语气
方式状语
让步状语
状语从句(adverbial clause)
Out rushed the children. (正常 语序→The children rushed out.)
Under the tree stood two tables and four chairs.
表示地点的介词短语作状语位于句首
Present at the meeting were 1000 students.
强调表语,置于句首,或为保持句子平衡
完全倒装
Hardly did I know what had happened.
never,hardly,scarcely,seldom,little,not until,not 等表示否定意义的副词放于句首
Only then did he realized the importance of English.
only 和修饰的状语放于句首
not only...but also 连接并列的句子,前倒后不倒
as 引导的让步状语
So busy is he that he can not go on a holiday.
May you be in good health!
用于表示祝愿的祈使句中
省略 if 的虚拟条件
部分倒装
倒装结构(inversion)
从句动词:过去式(be 用 were)& lt;br>主句动词:should/would/could/might+动词原形<br>
与现在事实相反
从句动词:had+过去分词& lt;br>主句动词:should/would/could/might+过去分词<br>
与过去事实相反
从句动词:过去式/should+动词原形/were+不定式& lt;br>主句动词 should/would/could/might+动词原形<br>
与将来事实相反
If 引导的条件从句
They are talking as if they had been friends for years.
as if 引导的状语从句中动词用过去式或过去完成式
Turn on the light so that we can see it clearly
in order that/so that 引导的状语从句中动词用 can/could/may/might/would 等+动词原形
其他状语从句
He suggested that we not change our mind.
demand,suggest,order,insist,后接的从句中动词为 should+ 动词原形
I wish I could be a pop star.
wish 后的从句中分别用过去式,过去完成式和 should/would+ 动词原形表示与现在/过去/将来情况相反
在 It is necessary/important/strange that...,<br>It is suggested/demanded/ordered/requested that...等从句中,谓 语动词用 should+动词原形<br>
在 It is necessary/important/strange that...,<br>It is suggested/demanded/ordered/requested that...等从句中,<br>谓语动词用 should+动词原形<br>
It's high time that we left.
It is time that...句型中动词用过去式或 should+动词原形
I would rather you stayed.
would rather 所接从句中动词用过去式或过去完成式
If only our dream had come true.
If only 句型中动词常用过去式或者过去完成时表示强烈的愿望
其他句型中
虚拟语气(subjunctive mood)
时间的表达(expression of time)
句法
英语核心语法知识框架学习笔记
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